Gods, Myths and Legends in Greek Mythology

The basics of Greek mythology are the gods and goddesses and their mythical history. The stories found in Greek mythology are colorful, allegorical, and include moral lessons for those who want them and puzzles to mull over for those who dont. They include profound human truths and the basics of western culture. This Introduction to Greek Mythology provides some of these background features. The Greek Gods and Goddesses Greek mythology tells stories about gods and goddesses, other immortals, demigods, monsters or other mythical creatures, extraordinary heroes, and some ordinary people. Some of the gods and goddesses are called Olympians because they ruled the earth from their thrones on Mount Olympus. There were 12 Olympians in Greek mythology, although several had multiple names. In The Beginning... According to Greek mythology, in the beginning was Chaos, and nothing more. Chaos was not a god, so much as an elemental force, a force made of itself alone and not composed of anything else. It existed from the beginning of the universe. The idea of having the principle of Chaos at the beginning of the universe is similar to and perhaps a progenitor of the New Testament idea that in the beginning was The Word. Out of Chaos spun out other elemental forces or principles, like Love, Earth, and Sky, and in a later generation, the Titans. Titans in Greek Mythology The first few generations of named forces in Greek mythology grew progressively more like humans: The Titans were the children of Gaia (Ge Earth) and Uranus (Ouranos Sky)—the Earth and Sky, and based on Mount Othrys. The Olympian gods and goddesses were children born later to one specific pair of Titans, making the Olympian gods and goddesses grandchildren of Earth and Sky. The Titans and the Olympians inevitably came into conflict, called the Titanomachy. The ten year battle of the immortals was won by the Olympians, but the Titans did leave a mark on ancient history: the giant holding the world on his shoulders, Atlas, is a Titan. The Origins of the Greek Gods Earth (Gaia) and Sky (Ouranos/Uranus), who are considered elemental forces, produced numerous offspring: 100-armed monsters, one-eyed Cyclops, and the Titans. Earth was sad because the very unpaternal Sky wouldnt let their children see the light of day, so she did something about it. She forged a sickle with which her son Cronus unmanned his father. The love goddess Aphrodite sprang up from the foam from Skys severed genitals. From Skys blood dripping on Earth sprang the spirits of Vengeance (Erinyes) also known as the Furies (and sometimes known euphemistically as the Kindly Ones). The Greek god Hermes was the great-grandson of the Titans Sky (Uranos/Ouranos) and Earth (Gaia), who were also his great-great-grandparents and his great-great-great grandparents. In Greek Mythology, since the gods and goddesses were immortal, there was no limitation on child-bearing years and so a grandparent could also be a parent. Creation Myths There are conflicting stories about the beginnings of human life in Greek mythology. The 8th century BCE Greek poet Hesiod is credited with writing (or rather first writing down) the creation story called the Five Ages of Man. This tale describes how humans fell getting further and further away from an ideal state (like paradise) and closer and closer to the toil and trouble of the world we live in. Mankind was created and destroyed repeatedly in mythological time, perhaps in an effort to get things right—at least for the creator gods who were dissatisfied with their almost godlike, almost immortal human descendants, who had no reason to worship the gods. Some of the Greek city-states had their own local origin stories about creation that pertained just to the people of that location. The women of Athens, for instance, were said to be the descendants of Pandora. Flood, Fire, Prometheus, and Pandora Flood myths are universal. The Greeks had their own version of the great flood myth and the subsequent need to repopulate the Earth. The story of the Titans Deucalion and Pyrrha has several similarities to the one appearing in the Hebrew Old Testament of Noahs ark, including Deucalion being warned of the coming disaster and the construction of a great ship. In Greek mythology, it was the Titan Prometheus brought fire to mankind and as a result, enraged the king of the gods. Prometheus paid for his crime with torture designed for an immortal: an eternal and painful occupation. To punish mankind, Zeus sent the evils of the world in a pretty package and loosed on that world by Pandora. The Trojan War and Homer The Trojan War provides the background for much of both Greek and Roman literature. Most of what we know of those terrific battles between Greeks and Trojans have been attributed to the 8th century Greek poet Homer. Homer was the most important of the Greek poets, but we do not know exactly who he was, nor whether he wrote both the Iliad and the Odyssey or even either of them. Nevertheless, Homers Iliad and Odyssey play a fundamental role in the mythology of both ancient Greece and Rome. The Trojan War began when the Trojan prince Paris won a foot race and handed Aphrodite the prize, the Apple of Discord. With that action, he started the series of events that led to the destruction of his homeland Troy, which, in turn, led to the flight of Aeneas and the founding of Troy. On the Greek side, the Trojan War led to disruption in the House of Atreus. Horrible crimes were committed by the members of this family on each other, which included Agamemnon and Orestes. In the Greek dramatic festivals, the tragedies frequently centered on one or another member of this royal house. Heroes, Villains, and Family Tragedies Known as Ulysses in the Roman version of the Odyssey, Odysseus was the most famous hero of the Trojan War who survived to return home. The war took 10 years and his return trip another 10, but Odysseus made it back safely to a family that was, oddly, still waiting for him. His story makes up the second of the two works traditionally attributed to Homer, The Odyssey, which contains more fanciful encounters with mythological characters than the more war-story Iliad. Another famous house that couldnt keep from violating major societal laws was the Theban royal house of which Oedipus, Cadmus, and Europa were important members who featured prominently in tragedy and legend. Hercules (Heracles or Herakles) was immensely popular to the ancient Greeks and Romans and continues to be popular in the modern world. Herodotus found a Hercules figure in ancient Egypt. Hercules behavior was not always admirable, but Hercules paid the price without complaint, defeating impossible odds, time and again. Hercules also rid the world of horrible evils. All Hercules tastes were superhuman, as befits the half-mortal (demigod) son of the god Zeus. Sources and Further Reading Edmunds, Lowell (ed.). Approaches to Greek Myth, Second Edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014.Graf, Fritz. Greek Mythology: An Introduction. Trans: Marier, Thomas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.  Rose, H.J. A Handbook of Greek Mythology. London: Routledge, 1956.  Woodard, Roger. The Cambridge Companion to Greek Mythology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Analysis Of The Poem Caucasia By Danzy Senna Essay

Caucasia written by Danzy Senna, is similar and yet different compared to Song of Solomon. In Caucasia, Birdie is a young bi-racial girl, in which she is the daughter of a black man and white woman. While Birdie appears and passes for white, she embraces her black identity even more so. Birdie is torn apart from those she loves, yet she undergoes a journey to find them. In Song of Solomon, there is an all black family- the Dead family, that struggles within itself and within an all black community. Milkman is born into a world that is divided between black and white. Throughout the novel he develops as a person with the help of a wise family member and his own experience. According to June Jordan, â€Å"Affirmation of Black values and lifestyle within the American context is, indeed, an act of protest.† (Notes Toward a Black Balancing of Love and Hatred, 47) Through affirmation of Black values and lifestyle, Caucasia and Song of Solomon show instances of Black protest in the f orm of Birdie’s and Milkman’s characters, their relationship to their black communities and family, and the adventures that they undergo to find answers. When Cole and her father leave Birdie, they leave her a box that her father had written â€Å"Negrobilia† on the side. Birdie holds this box very dear to her heart, adding to it as the novel progresses. This Negrobilia box represents and symbolizes Black values and lifestyle consisting of items that Birdie, her father and sister owned, and had used. The items in

Social Networks and the Arab Spring Free Essays

string(190) " gives light to another contrasting perspective about the importance of online social networks being highlighted by international media to emphasize the role of Western ideals of democracy\." â€Å"An Examination of the Role of Online Social Networks in the Uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt in 2010-11† In the academic research and journalism about the Arab Spring, there are contrasting views surrounding the importance of the Internet and online social networks in the success of the uprisings. Did the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt give validity to Egyptian Google executive Wael Ghonim’s claim that â€Å"if you want to liberate a society, just give them Internet† (Ghonim CNN), or was the function of online social networks greatly exaggerated by international media to highlight Western ideals of democracy? This research paper will closely analyze the extent to which these online social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, mobile phone networks, and YouTube were used as tools for the organization and mobilization of civil disobedience in Tunisia and Egypt in 2010-11. It will examine the role and impact of online social networks and will assess whether they were merely extensions of offline communities or if they played an integral and mandatory role in these uprisings. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Networks and the Arab Spring or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though this paper will investigate the range of opinion on the impact of digital media in the Arab Spring, it will argue that online social networks played an integral role for Tunisian and Egyptian citizens in their rapid and successful uprisings. Online social networks blur geographical boundaries, which create opportunities for widespread communication, effective organization, mobilization of citizens, and the sharing of videos locally and internationally. Before the proliferation of digital media in the Middle East, these opportunities were not available to citizens and communication was limited to individual communities or offline networks. The combination and collaboration of already established offline networks, various digital technologies, and online social networks lead to the success of the civilians in overthrowing their governments. Despite the years of civil discontent and corruption in both the Ben Ali and Hosni Mubarak governments, revolution did not occur until digital media provided the opportunity for different communities and individuals to unite around their shared upsets and create mobilization strategies online. In Tunisia and Egypt, â€Å"social media have become the scaffolding upon which civil society can build, and new information technologies give activists things that they did not have before: information networks not easily controlled by the state and coordination tools that are already embedded in trusted networks of family and friends† (Howard 2011). It will be shown that although online social networks act as an extension of the offline public sphere, their role in these uprisings was integral in creating an organizational infrastructure and to generate international awareness and aid against the corrupt governments. Discontent had been brewing in Tunisia for years during President Zine El Ben Ali’s rule. In 2009 he was reelected for a fifth term with an overwhelmingly fraudulent 89% of voters (Chrisafis, 2011). Despite years of suffering from an oppressive regime, rising unemployment rates, and censorship, it was not until the self-immolation of a vendor, Mohamed Bouazizi, was documented and transmitted online that the revolution gained the awareness and support it needed to make a difference. There had been previous acts of protest, but â€Å"what made a difference this time is that the images of Bouazizi were put on Facebook† (Beaumont, 2011). A relative of Bouazizi, Rochdi Horchani, went so far as to state, â€Å"we could protest for years here, but without videos no one would take any notice of us† (Chrisafis, 2011). The revolutions in Tunisia inspired Egyptian activists to use similar tactics to evoke change in their own corrupt government. Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak ruled over Egypt from 1981 to 2011, when he was overthrown by the organized and effective protests of Egyptian citizens. Although social media and digital technologies had little to do with the underlying sociopolitical and socioeconomic factors behind the civil discontent, they played a rapid role in the disintegration of these two regimes. In addition, even though corruption had been occuring for many years in the governments, â€Å"all inciting incidents of the Arab Spring were digitally mediated in some way† (Hussain, 2012) whether it was documented and disseminated online or discussed on an online social network. The corruption and discontent of the citizens may have inevitably lead to protests in both countries, but â€Å"social media was crucial† (Khondker, 2011) due to it’s communication and organizational abilities. The cruciality of online social networks and digital technologies is contested by theorists who argue that â€Å"other sociological factors such as widespread poverty and governmental ineptitude had created the conditions for extensive public anger† (Hussain, 2011) and that these preexisting conditions caused the revolutions. Several pundits including Gladwell and Friedman argue, â€Å"that while Facebook and Twitter may have had their place in social change, the real revolutions take place in the street† (Hussain, 2011). Though these theorists are correct in their attribution to the already existing political discontent for the preconditions to the revolution, online social networks acted as a necessary extension of offline social networks and action. It is likely the successes of the protests in the streets would not have been as large without the communication potential of digital media. One pundit attributed the lack of violence in the revolutions to the digital media stating that the use of online social networks â€Å"may have less to do with fostering Western-style democracy than in encouraging relatively less violent forms of mass protest† (Stepanova, 2011). Now that citizens had other vessels to communicate internationally and were no longer censored and controlled by their state regulated media, the governments could not be so open about their brutality. Pundits such as Gladwell and Friedman overlook the fact that â€Å"digital media allowed local citizens access to international broadcast networks, networks which were then used by online civil society organizations to lobby advocacy campaigns† (Hussain, 2012). It was these social networks that aided Tunisian and Egyptian citizens with their success in the streets. The Arab Spring has also been attributed the nickname of â€Å"The Twitter Revolution† (Stepanova, 2011) due to the large role Twitter and Facebook played in the uprisings. This nickname gives light to another contrasting perspective about the importance of online social networks being highlighted by international media to emphasize the role of Western ideals of democracy. You read "Social Networks and the Arab Spring" in category "Essay examples" Due to the fact that digital technologies and online social networks proliferated the West before the Middle East, the U. S claims credit for the democratizing effects they had on the Middle East during the Arab Spring (Stepanova, 2011). By emphasizing the power of new technologies in spreading Western democratic values, this approach ignores the socioeconomic and social equality dimensions of the massive protests in the Arab world. Ekaterina Stepanova states that â€Å"the automatic connection [The United States] makes between social media and a Western-style democracy agenda† (Stepanova, 2011) is a weak link in U. S policy. Social media tools with identical functions can operate differently in developed versus developing countries. It was not just the Western media which stressed the role of online social networks in the Arab Spring, but also local media and the civilians themselves. The role of Twitter and Facebook may have been emphasized in Western media due to their nationalistic attitude, but this should not downplay the actual importance that these technologies held in the uprising. During the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt, social networks were the key factor in the communication, mobilization, and organization of civilians. Civilians used their mobile phones or computers to access online social networks where they could discuss and plan tactics for the revolution, and disseminate messages and photos of what was occurring. During the anti-Mubarak protests, an Egyptian activist put it succinctly in a tweet: â€Å"we use Facebook to schedule the protests, Twitter to coordinate, and YouTube to tell the world† (Hussain, 2012). In the ‘Jasmine Revolution’, the role of mobile phones was integral in both sharing and receiving information. The phone acted as a tool which aided in the extension of offline networks into online. Now, civilians did not need to be face to face to communicate messages of discontent or plans for rebellion as they had mobile networks. The ability to message many people at one time of access their Facebook or Twitter from their phone was invaluable to the rebels. Reporters without Borders stated that â€Å"the role of cell phones also proved crucial [in Tunisia]. Citizen journalists kept file-sharing websites supplied with photos and videos, and fed images to streaming websites† (Reporters without Borders, 2011). It was not just the vast communication abilities that aided citizens in the revolt, but by putting cameras in the hands of a plethora of Tunisians they became citizen journalists with the ability to show what was happening to them to the world. The ability for citizens to take part in news is very valuable as this was a time where all media broadcast institutions were state run. The great difference between what was being reported about through the citizens versus the state allowed those uprisings to share their side of the story. Government censorship was a huge problem in both Tunisia and Egypt, but censorship â€Å"made the new media more relevant† (Khondker, 2011). Social media was very useful for the citizens as it â€Å"brought the narrative of successful social protest across multiple, previously closed, media regimes† (Hussain, 2012). It was due to the mobile phone and heavy proliferation of online social networks that citizens could show proof of the injustices that were occurring through photo and video documentation on an international scale. In addition, communicating online was very effective for civilians since they could plan out offline protests with a mass audience. As stated, the internet blurs geographical boundaries, which allows revolutionary leaders and advocates to find each other and communicate online. Social networks such as Facebook and Twitter provided citizens with a platform to discuss plans of action and reach mass audiences. The ability to reach so many people online was essential since â€Å"information and communication networks can serve as powerful accelerators of social transformation† (Stepanova, 2011). Facebook groups such as â€Å"We Are All Khaled Said† enlisted 350,000 members before the 14th of January (Khondker, 2011). This group provided the members with an incomparable medium of communication to anything offline social networks could provide. In addition, other than attempted media blackouts by the governments, communication was rather unlimited online. Activists posted relatively freely, which indicated that â€Å"new information technology has clearly the transformative potential to open up spaces of freedom† (Khondker, 2011). The idea of online spaces as democratic and free draw upon Jurgen Habermas‘ concept of the public sphere. There are integral benefits of the internet in relation to Habermas’ public sphere, such as the vast library of easily accessible information, a new platform for critical political discussion, the blurring of spacial boundaries, and the embracing of new technology. In the Arab Spring, the usage of the internet empowered Habermas’ concept of deliberative democracy, which highlights â€Å"the role of open discussion, the importance of citizen participation, and the existence of a well-functioning public sphere† (Gimmler, 23). Habermas holds that deliberative democracy is based â€Å"on a foundation that enables the legitimacy of the constitutional state and civil society to be justified† (Gimmler, 23). He separates the â€Å"constitutional democratic state and its parliamentary and legal institutions, on one side, and the public sphere of civil society and its more direct communication and discursive foundations, on the other† (Gimmler 24). The opposition between the corrupt governments and civilians was represented on online social networks. Civilians used social networks as spaces of deliberative democracy, which acted as an online public sphere. Henry Brady states that â€Å"meaningful democratic participation requires that the voices of citizens in politics be clear, loud, and equal† (Hindeman, 6), online social networks give power to those voices that are silenced by state regulations. The fact that â€Å"information technologies have opened up new paths to democratization and the entrenchment of civil society in many Arab countries† (Hussain, 2012) attests to their function as a public sphere. Though there were effective offline social networks such as the Church, family, and friends, â€Å"the networks of people who did mobilize, did so with the direct application, initiation, and coordination, of digital media tools† (Hussain, 2012). Online social networks acted as extensions of offline networks that were already present, but also provided the opportunity to reach a much larger amount of people. The plans and decisions made on the online networks made the offline protests so successful. Virtual networks materialized before street protest networks† (Hussain, 2012), which shows the importance of online social networks. In the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt, there was no single social network that was completely responsible for the success of the revolution. Instead, it was the combination of mobile phones, the internet, and traditional broadcast media which aided citizens in forming powerful networks which strengthened their cause. Castells defines a network s ociety as â€Å"a society whose social structure is made of networks powered by microelectronics-based information and communication technologies. By social structure, [he] understands the organizational arrangements of humans in relations of experience and power expressed in meaningful communication coded by culture† (Castells, 2004). This definition accurately describes the atmosphere in both Tunisia and Egypt during their revolutions due to the reliance on online social networks. In both Tunisia and Egypt, there was a manifestation of technology which aided citizens in communicating. Social networking sites, instantaneous internet, and always-available mobile phones created a powerful network which allowed citizens to always be connected to each other. Some degree of formal organizational and informal networks is necessary for revolution in order to communicate and plan. Egyptians utilized heavy social media connectivity through the use of the mobile device via texting of internet through their phone rather than personal computer. One Egyptian citizen tweeted on January 26th, 2011 â€Å"You who have Twitter and Facebook working on your phone, use them to spread words of hope. We won’t let this end here #jan25 was just the start† (Boyd, 2011). Citizens were encouraging each other to avoid traditional forms of communications via the internet to avoid government censorship and interference. Castells stated that â€Å"thus was born a new system of mass communication built like a mix between an interactive television, internet, radio and mobile communication systems. The communication of the future is already used by the revolutions of the present† (Castells, 2011, emphasis on the original) when describing the use of technologies in the Arab Spring. The issue of censorship posed a large barricade on the protesters due to their reliance on social networks and the internet. The Ben Ali regime realized the importance of Facebook in early January 2011 and stepped up their censorship with attempts to curb the heavy distribution of photos of protests and repression. There was increasing interest from the foreign media due to the power of ICT’s in spreading the story worldwide, which also influenced the state to up online censorship. The head of the Agencie Tunisienne d’Internet (ATI) said â€Å"the number of websites blocked by the authorities doubled in just a few weeks. More than 100 Facebook pages about the Sidi Bouzid events were blocked, along with online articles about the unrest in foreign media†¦ olice also hacked into Facebook accounts to steal activists passwords and infiltrate networks of citizen-journalists† (Reporters Without Borders, 2011) . It was the power of networks which allowed the citizens to overcome the censorship of the government. Due to the many options of communications devices, when one was blocked citiz ens would resort to another. In addition, citizens found ways around the internet blockage and activist hacker groups rebutted with hacks on government websites and found technical ways to pass on news and demands from inside Tunisia. The positive role of technology within the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt cannot be disputed. Although, such heavy use of technology caused the corrupt governments to attempt to intervene, the positives far outweigh the negatives. Information and communications technologies allowed oppressed citizens to rise above the government through the power of mobility, networks, and information. The portability of the cell phones partnered with the creation of networks through the multiple technologies utilized allowed the voice of the citizens to be heard worldwide. The positive effect these technologies had in empowering the both the Tunisians and the Egyptians is clear in the mere rapidity that they overthrew their corrupt governments once they started revolting. In addition, it is clear that these ICT’s had a large effect since the government responded so harshly towards them, clearly feeling threatened. Overall, it is evident that ICT’s played a large role in the effective and swift revolutions which started the domino effect of the Arab Spring. *Copy Right- Nobody has permission to use my work in their own academic research* How to cite Social Networks and the Arab Spring, Essay examples

Consumers And Sustainability Walmart - Click to Get Solution

Question: Discuss about the Consumers and Sustainability at Walmart. Answer: Introduction In this report Walmart, which is one of the well- known retail industry of Australia is selected. The main aim of the organization is to save the money of the people by offering products at lower prices (Lukic 2013). The report covers the evaluation of sustainability activities on the employees, society and environment, ethical issues related with the organization and ways to improve the ethical issues, discussion about the corporate social responsibility of the organization, stakeholders key and ethics in communication and practices. The report also contains some recommendation in order to make Walmart more ethical organization in the future. Sustainability of Walmart The main goal of Walmart is to supply products entirely by renewable source of energy without creating any waste and sell those products that help in sustaining both the people and the environment (Stankevi it et al. 2012).For achieving its goals, the organization has built its relationship with influential people in the companies of the suppliers, NGOs and government (Lukic 2013). With the help of those associations the company has built and created Sustainable Value Network in order to integrate and evaluate its effort in the practices of renewable energy. Evaluation of Sustainability activities of Walmart regarding employees In the year 2012, Walmart has implemented 115 onsite rooftop solar installations in different seven countries that help in providing 71 million kilowatt of electricity(Hyatt 2012). The company has completed almost 26 installations of fuel cells in the United States. Walmart low cost practice of sustainability helps in translating the renewable energy endeavours by signing the contracts with the help of renewable energy providers. This contract that was offered by the organization at low cost was provided to the different clients. All the activities of the organization are beneficial for the employees of the organization (Waller et al. 2015). With the development of sustainability in the organization, the employees of the organization have to work in environmentally sustainable environment of the organization. The green products supplied by the company are beneficial for everyone including the organization. For measuring sustainability, Walmart has launched Sustainability Index. Evaluation of Sustainability activities of Walmart regarding society The organization is in the goal of zero waste and therefore the company has successfully converted 1.2 millions of pounds of cooking oil into biodiesel soaps (Malhotra et al. 2013). The organization is also testing recycling methods that aims to allow the company to reduce its use of global plastic bags by 35% (Carter and Jayachandran 2012). In addition the organization has stated installing micro-wind in different sites for reducing the use of non0renewable energy. For conserving non- renewable energy for the future generation, the company has become the third largest purchaser of green power in the world and second largest onsite green power generator. Evaluation of Sustainability activities of Walmart regarding environment The organization has financed its own renewable energy projects. In order to reduce the consumption of energy, Walmart has facilitated conservation of energy by following two major methods (Chekwa et al. 2014).The company has implemented new stores with the daylightning features that help in enabling the stores to turn off light as the daylightning feature helps in reducing the demands of electricity. Secondly the organization have managed the energy consumption by having control on the heating and cooling of the stores of Walmart (Vanleer and Squires 2016). The company has opened a store with LED lightning that helps in opening freezes with the help of the secondary refrigerator system. This helps in reducing the greenhouse gas emission (Foley and Havice 2016). The organization is in the attempt of reducing the fossil fuel use. With the help of green products the organization has reduced the emissions of carbon by 41000 tons. Ethical issues of Walmart Ethical issues faced by Walmart Walmart have faced many ethical issues. In the year 2005, Thomas Coughlin who was the board vice chair was forced to resign. This is because he has stolen more than $ 500 000 from the organization in the form of expenses, compensation and unauthorized gift vouchers (Martin 2015). In the year 2006, Coughlin has decided to beg as he was guilty to wire fraud and tax evasion charges. He have taken away millions of dollars in the name of compensation and gift vouchers, he has secretly used the organizations fund for paying the personal expenses including the expense of haunting vacation (Ferrell and Fraedrich 2015). Coughlin dishonesty was discovered when he has asked one of his subordinates to approve his $2000 expense payment without providing him any receipts. For this crime Coughlin was sentenced to 27 months of home confinement and a fine if $ 440 000 and 1500 hours of service towards the community. The confidence level of Walmart leadership rises when the CEO became the next CEO as the organization was warned by next bribery case. In the ear 2012, a specific number of Walmart non-family shareholders vote against the re- election procedure of Mike Duke (Weiss 2014). They have also voted against the re-election procedure of other members including the former CEO Robert Walton. The people were against but this does not stop the members of the board in re-electing them but it proves to be a signal of disappointment and lack of confidence I the leadership process (Nygaard et al. 2015). This is because they have prevented the store from getting involved in the matter. For reassuring thee investors it is very much necessary for Walmart to demonstrate a renewed commitment by ensuring ethics and compliance standard of the company. The response of Walmart for reducing the Ethical issues Walmart have faced many ethical issues in the year 2012, therefore in order to avoid such kind of situations in the company, Walmart follows some ways in order to minimize the situations that arises ethical issues (Collins 2015). Walmart is working in order to improve the ethical reputation of the company. In the year 2004, Walmart has formed its Global Ethics Office and helps in releasing a revised statement on Global Ethics (Mick 2015). The main intent of the Global Ethics Office is to spread a corporate ethical culture among the stakeholders of the company. It also helps in providing guidance and in making ethical decision. The Global Ethical helpline is one of the confidential ways for the associates for contacting with the company in order to avoid ethical issues. The organization has an Ethical Standard Team for monitoring the obedience of the provider factories with the help of the companys typical for contractors and local laws (Biong et al. 2015). Walmart claimed that in a shorter time period the organization have interviewed 1000 markets personnel of different countries and this is dedicated to $ 53 million of new processes and procedures. The organization is also providing ethical training to more than 19000 associates for avoiding as well as reducing the ethical issues. Assessing Wal-Marts Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility is a form of corporate self-regulation that is integrated into the business model. A business corporate social responsibility encompasses a huge number of tactics from giving away a portion of organizations proceeding to charity in order to implement greener business operations (Barnett 2016). A Four type of CSR model contains economic responsibility, legal responsibility, ethical responsibility and philanthropic responsibility. The four models of the CSR are discussed below: Economic Responsibility: This field is amply fulfilled by Walmart. The company is profitable as the total sales assemble in the year is $256.3 billion in the year 2004 (Hopkins 2012).Therefore, the foundation for all other different aspect of CSR is set well. Legal Responsibility: Walmart has a rather poor showing in the area of legal responsibility. It is embroiled in number of different lawsuits and the organization has number of questionable practices (Elder and Dauvergne 2015). The organization is reputed due to low wages and discrimination. It is inevitable for Walmart to get sued by many parties on the same ground. Figure 1: Diagram of Corporate Social Responsibility (Source: Glavas 2016) Ethical Responsibility: The ethical responsibility is partially met by Walmart. Walmart Buy American and Environmental Awareness are the best examples of companys attempt at ethical responsibility (Vracheva et al. 2016). The employers of the organization are offered stock options in order to enable their share in the wealth of the organization. Philanthropic Responsibility: In this section the organization has fared well. Walmart have huge number of corporate initiatives which includes college scholarship, fund raisers and many more (Prieto et al. 2014).It has established The Walton Family Charitable Support Foundation in order to provide facility of their philanthropy. The greatest complainant about Walmart is that it puts other organizations or small companies out of business. The low price strategy of Walmart had created a difficult situation for small companies to compete in the market (Orlitzky 2015). The organization is often accused of being responsible for the downward pressure on salaries and benefits in areas where the company is located. Small organizations have filed lawsuits against Walmart, claiming that the organization uses predatory strategies and procedures in order to put other small companies or organizations out of business (Tian and Slocum 2016). In order to compete against Walmart, other companies have to reduce their wages. Studies revealed that the payroll wages including the wages offered by the company is reduced by 5 per cent after it enters the market of Walmart. Due to this, many citizens have refused to allow Walmart to take residence and this creates another social responsibility issue. Walmart entry can be made detrimental to the environment of the company and its people that causes sprawl, traffic congestion and unwelcome changes to the landscapes. One of the greatest concerns that are associated with Walmart is the urban Sprawl. The construction of Walmart has taken acres of land and as a result the construction procedure created stress on the constructions of roads, parking and many more (Elder and Dauvergne 2015). There is a concern about the number of acres of land that is used for the construction purpose. The construction of Walmart has also created the problem of traffic congestion. The constructions have Walmart attract more number of customers towards the area creating traffic congestion in the areas (Vracheva et al. 2016). The resources used by the organization have also raised any environmental problems like pollution and excess use of resources. The organization is trying to compensate the damages by promoting green products. The responsibility of Walmart towards their competitors is fair. The organizations have contributed greatly to the community by following the methods of volunteerism and donations. This has also increased the efforts of reducing the cost if the commuting by working with the help of the local government for improving the issues related with traffic (Orlitzky 2015). The organizations have promoted the use of green products that minimizes the use of non- renewable resources and also help s in reducing environment pollution. Therefore, Walmart is trying its best by becoming responsive towards the community where it enters. Walmarts Key Stakeholder The stakeholders key or the three attributes helps in identifying the groups of the stakeholders. The three attributes are as follows: Power: It is defined as the power of the stakeholders for influencing the organization. For achieving the goals and objectives of the organization, customers are very much important. Without their support it is impossible to flourish the organization. The organization has provided products to the customers at lower prices by maintaining the quality of the products (Carter and Jayachandran 2012). This helps in influencing the customers more towards Walmart. The communication process between the organization and the customers are done in an ethical manner and as a result it will create a positive impact on the customers (Malhotra et al. 2013). The employees re treated well in Walmart by providing them facilities so that they will became loyal towards the organization. Business partners and suppliers of Walmart collaborate with other business organization properly in order to increase the interest of other company. Figure 2: Diagram showing the attributes of stakeholders key (Source: Martin 2015). Legitimacy: The second attribute legitimacy helps in identifying the relationship and actions of the stakeholders in terms of properness and desirability. Legitimate power is also known as positional power. It is required in Walmart for exercising different activities in the organization. For positional power to be exercised effectively Walmart have associates or employees that wield it must have deemed to have earned it (Chekwa et al. 2014). In Walmart there are power structure and every employee of the organization having some power. The power flows towards the one who readily achieves it in the sense that a leader will exercise more power than the legitimate power by accepting additional acceptance (Ferrell and Fraedrich 2015). Walmart uses the legitimacy power in order to flourish its business and for achieving its goals and objectives. The organization uses various strategies and practices in order to use the attribute of legitimacy within Walmart. Urgency: It is the requirement being set of any organization by stakeholders in terms of the criticality and time sensitivity. Walmart uses the methods of urgency in critical situations. Urgency of any organization is related with the people (Waller et al. 2015). It is comprised of two elements. The first element of urgency is criticality or how importance is it to that organization and person (Lukic 2013). Time sensitivity is known as the second element. Walmart uses the urgency attribute during two situations, either in the critical situations or at the time of sensitivity. On the basis of analysis, the above three attributes are considered as the key of the stakeholders of Walmart. The organizations have created relationship with both the suppliers, customers and the employees of the organization. The stakeholders of Walmart have influences the strategic direction of the organization. Some of the stakeholders have created a positive impact on the organization (Chekwa et al. 2014). The organization uses information in order to guide decisions for achieving a satisfactory leadership position in the management of the stakeholders. Walmart aims at expanding and dominating the market for serving the goals of the employees. Ethical in communications and practises It is very much necessary to have proper ethical communication as well as practices in organizations like Walmart. Ethics concern an individuals moral judgement towards a decision. Ethical practices and behaviour means that Walmart must behave and communicate in an ethical way (Vanleer and Squires 2016). It is important for the organization as it provides number of advantages to them. It helps in attracting customers towards the product of Walmart, thereby increasing and boosting the profits of the organization. It makes the workers less stressed as they have received ethical environment for work which is very much beneficial for them (Nygaard et al. 2015). The leaders and the employees of Walmart who adhere the code of ethics will help in creating an environment that will be suitable. It will be beneficial for both the customers and the employees of the organization. It helps in improving the morality among the employees of Walmart. It can also be helpful in increasing the productivity of Walmart (Stankevi it et al. 2012). For example: The ethics helpline implementation led the employees of the organization to communicate with the companys ethical issues. This has helped in minimizing the number of cases that are ethical related. The Walmart ethical standard team helps in monitoring the compliance of suppliers factories which has increased the production of the organization (Nygaard et al. 2015). Walmart has interviewed more than 10,000 employees in different countries for promoting proper ethical communication and practices in the organization that has increased the internal ethical issues in Walmart. Walmart can adopt more strategies that would help the organization to be more ethical company in future. The recommendations include: Passion: It is very much important for Walmart to adopt policy that would motivate the employees towards avoiding ethical issues in organization. Organizations like Walmart are comprised of number of people, it is very much necessary to excite them towards implementation of new strategies in organization so that they will provide extra effort towards Walmart. Focus on Customers: Organization like Walmart must focus on the communication. The communication process between the customers and the organization must be done in a ethical way so that more number if customers get attracted towards the organization, thereby increasing the profitability of Walmart. Implementation of new strategies: Walmart must re-implement or implement new strategies in order to avoid the ethical issues that it had faced. The organization must adopt strategies and practices that are ethically sound. Result-oriented: Ethics matter a lot in the result of an organization. Walmart should not aim at the results at any cost. Results must be attained in the context of developing something that the customers need and producing and delivering products at cheaper prices. Walmart uses this practices but the organization needs to promote this strategy in such a way so that other small organization does not get out of business. Risk Taking: Walmart must take risks for innovating new technologies and practices within the organization. The organization needs to use ethical innovative ideas for promoting new technologies and practices within the organization. Conclusion It is concluded that the main aim of Walmart is provide products and services at lower prices for saving the money of the customers. The organization uses sustainable methods in order to minimize the uses of non- renewable resources. It is analysed from the study that the organization have implemented certain strategies that have reduced the ethical issues,. Walmart uses ethical practices and way of communication for achieving its goals and objectives. The main weakness of the study is that it does not illustrate the ways of avoiding the ethical issues and bribery in the organization. The strategies that were implemented in the organization minimize the ethical issues but in order to avoid them, Walmart needs to implement some necessary strategies. References Barnett, M.L., 2016. 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